Estudio metafórico de tres “pecados capitales”: la lujuria, la envidia y la ira

Muchas son ya las investigaciones en lingüística cognitiva (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Kövecses, 1986; Lakoff, 1987; Roldán, 1999; Deignan, 2005) que afirman que las metáforas no son sólo figuras retóricas, sino que impregnan nuestra vida diaria, y no están presentes tan sólo en el lenguaje, sino que dominan nuestro pensamiento y forma de actuar. En algo tan cotidiano como son las emociones recurrimos a la metáfora para expresar lo que sentimos, aunque en algunos casos éstas están tan lexicalizadas que no somos conscientes de su uso. Este trabajo de investigación se centra en el análisis metafórico de tres emociones negativas, la lujuria, la envidia y la ira, tres emociones incluidas en el grupo de los llamados “pecados capitales”. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la estructura conceptual que subyace a dichas emociones tomando como base la Teoría Conceptual de la Metáfora, teoría que desarrollan Lakoff y Johnson en su obra Metaphors We Live By (1980) y que ha sido de gran relevancia para el estudio del pensamiento y del lenguaje metafóricos (Deignan, 2005). La hipótesis de la que parte este estudio es que las emociones negativas de la envidia, la ira y la lujuria se sustentan en metáforas expresadas mediante verbos de acción realizados por seres vivos o fuerzas externas. Para confirmar esta hipótesis se parte del análisis lingüístico del uso de dichas emociones en el Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA) de la Real Academia de la Lengua

Cross-lingual Linking on the Multilingual Web of Data (position statement)

Recently, the Semantic Web has experienced signi�cant advancements in standards and techniques, as well as in the amount of semantic information available online. Even so, mechanisms are still needed to automatically reconcile semantic information when it is expressed in di�erent natural languages, so that access to Web information across language barriers can be improved. That requires developing techniques for discovering and representing cross-lingual links on the Web of Data. In this paper we explore the different dimensions of such a problem and reflect on possible avenues of research on that topic

Impact of standards in European open data catalogues: a multilingual perspective of DCAT

Within the European Union, member states are setting up official data catalogues as entry points to access PSI (Public Sector Information). In this context, it is important to describe the metadata of these data portals, i.e., of data catalogs, and allow for interoperability among them. To tackle these issues, the Government Linked Data Working Group developed DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary), an RDF vocabulary for describing the metadata of data catalogs. This topic report analyzes the current use of the DCAT vocabulary in several European data catalogs and proposes some recommendations to deal with an inconsistent use of the metadata across countries. The enrichment of such metadata vocabularies with multilingual descriptions, as well as an account for cultural divergences, is seen as a necessary step to guarantee interoperability and ensure wider adoption

Using natural language patterns for the development of ontologies

The combination of certain linguistic units that recurrently appear in text genres has attracted the attention of many researchers in several domains, as they can provide valuable information about different types of relations. In this paper, the focus will be on some of these combinatory units, referred to as Lexico-Syntactic Patterns (LSPs) that provide information about conceptual relations. The aim of this research is to detect recurrent patterns that express some of the most common conceptual relations present in ontologies. The purpose of this paper is to present the different strategies we have followed to identify LSPs which correspond to some of the main ontological relations, as well as an excerpt of the repository of LSPs that is currently being built

Integrating WordNet and Wiktionary with lemon

Nowadays, there is a significant quantity of linguistic data available on the Web. However, linguistic resources are often published using proprietary formats and, as such, it can be difficult to interface with one another and they end up confined in “data silos”. The creation of web standards for the publishing of data on the Web and projects to create Linked Data have lead to interest in the creation of resources that can be published using Web principles. One of the most important aspects of “Lexical Linked Data” is the sharing of lexica and machine readable dictionaries. It is for this reason, that the lemon format has been proposed, which we briefly describe. We then consider two resources that seem ideal candidates for the Linked Data cloud, namely WordNet 3.0 and Wiktionary, a large document based dictionary. We discuss the challenges of converting both resources to lemon , and in particular for Wiktionary, the challenge of processing the mark-up, and handling inconsistencies and underspecification in the source material. Finally, we turn to the task of creating links between the two resources and present a novel algorithm for linking lexica as lexical Linked Data

Enriching Ontologies with Multilingual Information

Multilinguality in ontologies has become an impending need for institutions worldwide that have to deal with data and linguistic resources in different natural languages. Since most ontologies are developed in one language, obtaining multilingual ontologies implies to localize or adapt them to a concrete language and culture community. As the adaptation of the ontology conceptualization demands considerable efforts, we propose to modify the ontology terminological layer by associating an external repository of linguistic data to the ontology. With this aim we provide a model called Linguistic Information Repository (LIR) that associated to the ontology meta-model allows terminological layer localization

Term variants in ontologies

Uno de los problemas de la representación de conocimiento en terminología es la variación terminológica, ya que los conceptos se pueden lexicalizar mediante unidades terminológicas diferentes. En esta contribución, tras analizar la tipología de las variantes terminológicas propuestas por diferentes autores, nos centramos en cómo se pueden representar las variantes terminológicas con relación a un modelo conceptual. Este enfoque permite atender por un lado a las variantes que apuntan al mismo concepto y se consideran sinónimas, por otro, a las que reflejan una ?distancia semántica? pero se refieren al mismo concepto, y finalmente, a las variantes que están relacionadas mediante un enlace conceptual. Estos casos se ejemplifican mediante lemon, un modelo de lexicón para ontologías

Collaborative semantic editing of linked data lexica.

The creation of language resources is a time-consuming process requiring the efforts of many people. The use of resources collaboratively created by non-linguists can potentially ameliorate this situation. However, such resources often contain more errors compared to resources created by experts. For the particular case of lexica, we analyse the case of Wiktionary, a resource created along wiki principles and argue that through the use of a principled lexicon model, namely lemon, the resulting data could be better understandable to machines. We then present a platform called lemon source that supports the creation of linked lexical data along the lemon model. This tool builds on the concept of a semantic wiki to enable collaborative editing of the resources by many users concurrently. In this paper, we describe the model, the tool and present an evaluation of its usability based on a small group of users

Some reflections on the IT challenges for a multilingual semantic web

Many attempts have been made to provide multilinguality to the Semantic Web, by means of annotation properties in Natural Language (NL), such as RDFs or SKOS labels, and other lexicon-ontology models, such as lemon, but there are still many issues to be solved if we want to have a truly accessible Multilingual Semantic Web (MSW). Reusability of monolingual resources (ontologies, lexicons, etc.), accessibility of multilingual resources hindered by many formats, reliability of ontological sources, disambiguation problems and multilingual presentation to the end user of all this information in NL can be mentioned as some of the most relevant problems. Unless this NL presentation is achieved, MSW will be restricted to the limits of IT experts, but even so, with great dissatisfaction and disenchantmen

When Phraseology and Ontologies Meet

In the field of Languages for Specific Purposes, phraseology plays a central role since its mastering is crucial for the different users that deal with specialized languages, from professionals of a domain to linguist experts (terminologists, translators, communication mediators, etc.). According to Aguado de Cea (2007), phraseology can be defined as: “the linguistic discipline that deals with the combination of words”, (…), or “the set of phraseological units or phrasemes” of a certain specialized language. In any case, phrasemes or lexical combinations are not only necessary for an adequate specialized communication, but they are also fundamental in the understanding of a certain domain of knowledge, together with terms and the concepts underlying terms